Sources and licences

Wiktionary

This dictionary is built from English Wiktionary (https://en.wiktionary.org), written by its contributors. The authors of each entry are listed in the history of its page there.

kaikki.org English, dump 2026-09-06, CC BY-SA 4.0

PropBank

The PropBank frame files (https://github.com/propbank/propbank-frames), release 3.4, are written by the PropBank project. Some word-plus-preposition pairs in this dictionary were taken from them or checked against them, then filtered for this app.

PropBank frames 3.4, CC BY-SA 4.0

Universal Dependencies

Sentences of the Universal Dependencies English treebanks (https://universaldependencies.org/), annotated by their contributors, were used to take or check some word-plus-preposition pairs in this dictionary, then filtered for this app.

UD English EWT, commit 4a4d77f, CC BY-SA 4.0

UD English PUD, commit f16eba4, CC BY-SA 3.0

UD English CHILDES, commit 92d3cf4, CC BY-SA 4.0

UD English CTeTex, commit 3d2bda4, CC BY-SA 4.0

Licence: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Entries were extracted by kaikki.org, then filtered and reorganised for this app.

Licence: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

The text and the pairs this dictionary takes from these works are shared under the same licence, as is and without warranties.

Google Books Ngram

Word counts in the Google Books Ngram dataset (https://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/datasetsv3.html), English, 2020, were used to choose which words to check for the prepositions they take, to suggest prepositions to check and to order the prepositions of a line.

Google Books Ngram English 20200217, CC BY 3.0

Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

FrameNet

FrameNet (http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu), release 1.7, is a lexical database of English made at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley. Some word-plus-preposition pairs in this dictionary were taken from it or checked against it, then filtered for this app.

FrameNet 1.7, Creative Commons Attribution-Only license

Reference: Fillmore and Baker (2010), “A Frame Semantic Approach to Linguistic Analysis”, in Heine and Narrog (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis.

VerbNet

VerbNet (https://verbs.colorado.edu/verbnet/), version 3.4, is a lexicon of English verbs. Some word-plus-preposition pairs in this dictionary were taken from it or checked against it, then filtered for this app.

VerbNet 3.4, VerbNet 3.X License

Reference: Karin Kipper, Anna Korhonen, Neville Ryant, Martha Palmer, A Large-scale Classification of English Verbs, Language Resources and Evaluation Journal, 42(1), pp. 21-40, Springer Netherland, 2008.

English Resource Grammar

The English Resource Grammar (https://github.com/delph-in/erg) is written by Dan Flickinger with Rob Malouf, Emily Bender and Stephan Oepen. Some word-plus-preposition pairs in this dictionary were taken from it or checked against it, then filtered for this app.

English Resource Grammar 2025, commit 13b615a, MIT

Open English WordNet

Open English WordNet (https://en-word.net/) is written by the Open English WordNet team and is based on Princeton WordNet.

Open English WordNet 2025, CC BY 4.0

Some definitions in this dictionary adapt wording from Open English WordNet 2025.

Some definitions in this dictionary were written with Open English WordNet 2025 as a reference.

Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Noto Serif

The reading text of this website is set in Noto Serif, a typeface by the Noto Project Authors.

This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This license is copied below, and is also available with a FAQ at: https://scripts.sil.org/OFL

----------------------------------------------------------- SIL OPEN FONT LICENSE Version 1.1 - 26 February 2007 -----------------------------------------------------------

PREAMBLE The goals of the Open Font License (OFL) are to stimulate worldwide development of collaborative font projects, to support the font creation efforts of academic and linguistic communities, and to provide a free and open framework in which fonts may be shared and improved in partnership with others.

The OFL allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified and redistributed freely as long as they are not sold by themselves. The fonts, including any derivative works, can be bundled, embedded, redistributed and/or sold with any software provided that any reserved names are not used by derivative works. The fonts and derivatives, however, cannot be released under any other type of license. The requirement for fonts to remain under this license does not apply to any document created using the fonts or their derivatives.

DEFINITIONS "Font Software" refers to the set of files released by the Copyright Holder(s) under this license and clearly marked as such. This may include source files, build scripts and documentation.

"Reserved Font Name" refers to any names specified as such after the copyright statement(s).

"Original Version" refers to the collection of Font Software components as distributed by the Copyright Holder(s).

"Modified Version" refers to any derivative made by adding to, deleting, or substituting -- in part or in whole -- any of the components of the Original Version, by changing formats or by porting the Font Software to a new environment.

"Author" refers to any designer, engineer, programmer, technical writer or other person who contributed to the Font Software.

PERMISSION & CONDITIONS Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of the Font Software, to use, study, copy, merge, embed, modify, redistribute, and sell modified and unmodified copies of the Font Software, subject to the following conditions:

1) Neither the Font Software nor any of its individual components, in Original or Modified Versions, may be sold by itself.

2) Original or Modified Versions of the Font Software may be bundled, redistributed and/or sold with any software, provided that each copy contains the above copyright notice and this license. These can be included either as stand-alone text files, human-readable headers or in the appropriate machine-readable metadata fields within text or binary files as long as those fields can be easily viewed by the user.

3) No Modified Version of the Font Software may use the Reserved Font Name(s) unless explicit written permission is granted by the corresponding Copyright Holder. This restriction only applies to the primary font name as presented to the users.

4) The name(s) of the Copyright Holder(s) or the Author(s) of the Font Software shall not be used to promote, endorse or advertise any Modified Version, except to acknowledge the contribution(s) of the Copyright Holder(s) and the Author(s) or with their explicit written permission.

5) The Font Software, modified or unmodified, in part or in whole, must be distributed entirely under this license, and must not be distributed under any other license. The requirement for fonts to remain under this license does not apply to any document created using the Font Software.

TERMINATION This license becomes null and void if any of the above conditions are not met.

DISCLAIMER THE FONT SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR OTHER RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE FONT SOFTWARE OR FROM OTHER DEALINGS IN THE FONT SOFTWARE.

Roboto

The interface of this website is set in Roboto, a typeface by the Roboto Project Authors.

Copyright 2011 The Roboto Project Authors (https://github.com/googlefonts/roboto-classic) Roboto-Italic[wdth,wght].ttf: Copyright 2011 The Roboto Project Authors (https://github.com/googlefonts/roboto-classic)

This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This license is copied below, and is also available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL

----------------------------------------------------------- SIL OPEN FONT LICENSE Version 1.1 - 26 February 2007 -----------------------------------------------------------

"Reserved Font Name" refers to any names specified as such after the copyright statement(s).

"Original Version" refers to the collection of Font Software components as distributed by the Copyright Holder(s).

"Author" refers to any designer, engineer, programmer, technical writer or other person who contributed to the Font Software.

1) Neither the Font Software nor any of its individual components, in Original or Modified Versions, may be sold by itself.

TERMINATION This license becomes null and void if any of the above conditions are not met.

Licence notices

VerbNet

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and database and its documentation for any purpose and without fee or royalty is hereby granted, provided that you agree to comply with the following copyright notice and statements, including the disclaimer, and that the same appear on ALL copies of the software, database and documentation, including modifications that you make for internal use or for distribution.

THIS SOFTWARE AND DATABASE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-ABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, DATABASE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS.

The name of University of Colorado or CU may not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software and/or database. Title to copyright in this software, database and any associated documentation shall at all times remain with University of Colorado and LICENSEE agrees to preserve same.

English Resource Grammar

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Open English WordNet

THIS SOFTWARE AND DATABASE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND PRINCETON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-ABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, DATABASE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS.

The name of Princeton University or Princeton may not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software and/or database. Title to copyright in this software, database and any associated documentation shall at all times remain with Princeton University and LICENSEE agrees to preserve same.